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layout: docscategory: toolstitle: The Pmem Memory acquisition suite (Legacy).author: Michael Cohen scudette@gmail.com

NOTE: This document refers to the legacy pmem acquisition tools(pre-2.0). Please check out the new pmem 2 series of acquisitiontools.

Memory acquisition is the first step in memory analysis. Before any analysis canbe done, we need to acquire the memory in the first place. There are a number ofcommercial solutions to acquire memory, but sadly open source solutions havebeen abandoned or not maintained (For example win32dd has been a popularsolution many years ago but has now been commercialized and is no longer opensource).

We believe in open source forensic tools to make testing and transparencyeasier. We also believe that the availability of open source solutions spursfurther development in the field and enables choices.

That is the reason we feel an open source, well tested and capable forensicmemory acquisition tool is essential - we call it the Pmem suite of tools. Thepmem acquisition tool aims to provide a complete imaging solution for Windows,Linux and OSX.

The following is a quick overview of how to use the pmem tools. For detailedinformation consult the source.

The windows memory acquisition tool is called WinPmem.

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These are the features it supports:

• Supports all windows versions from WinXP SP2 to Windows 8 in both i386 andamd64 flavours.
• Output formats include:
• Raw memory images.
• ELF Core dump files for use in rekall.
• Output to stdout (in both the above formats) for piping through other tools(e.g. ssh, ewfacquirestream etc).
• Memory acquisition using
• MmMapIoSpace method.
• DevicePhysicalMemory and ZwMapViewOfSection method.
• PTE Remapping technique (default)
• Direct analysis of the running kernel using Rekall (Live memory analysis).
• Optional Write support for manipulating kernel data structures from Rekall.

Download¶

The latest version can be found here. Youwill find the tool released in two versions:

• winpmem-1.6.0.exe: is the recommended binary for general use. This binarycontains signed drivers so it can load on any windows system (even 64 bitones). This binary does not include write support for memory.
• winpmem_write-1.6.0.exe: is the binary with write support enabled. It is notsigned so it will only work on 32 bit windows or 64 bit windows with specialpreparation (see below).

IMPORTANT: The recommended version for regular use is the one without writesupport. The version with write support can not be used on a regular system.

Examples¶

Writes a raw image to physmem.raw

Writes a crashdump file to netcat for network transport. Output is supressedhere because STDOUT is redirected.

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Normally the driver will be automatically unloaded after the image isacquired. To allow Rekall to attach to the raw device for live analysis, we needto load the driver and exit:

NOTE: Rekall does not usually need a profile when running on a windows imagesince it is autodetected.

To unload the driver and exit:

To acquire a raw image using the MmMapIoSpace method:

To acquire an image in crashdump format:

Experimental write support¶

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As from Version 1.1, the winpmem drivers support writing to memory as well asreading. This capability is a great learning tool since many rootkit hidingtechniques can be emulated by writing to memory directly. For example thefollowing Rekall session illustrates changing the name of the binary:

Since this is a rather dangerous capability, the signed binary drivers havewrite support disabled. The unsigned binaries (really self signed with a testcertificate) can not load on a regular system due to them being test selfsigned. You can allow the unsigned drivers to be loaded on a test system byissuing (seehttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/ff553484(v=vs.85).aspx):

and reboot. You will see a small 'Test Mode' text on the desktop to remind youthat this machine is configured for test signed drivers.

Alternatively you can test this on XP or Vista32 which have no driver signingrestrictions.

Once the correct driver is loaded, Write support must also be enabled at loadtime using the -w switch:

This will load the drivers and turn on write support. Then we can run rekallinteractively, as usual on the raw device:

The OSX Memory Imager was written by Johannes Stuettgen(johannes.stuettgen@gmail.com) as an open source tool to acquire physical memoryon an Intel based Mac. It consists of 2 components:

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• The usermode acquisition tool ‘osxpmem', which parses the accessible sectionsof physical memory and writes them to disk in a specific format.
• A generic kernel extension ‘pmem.kext', that provides read only access tophysical memory. After loading it into the kernel it provides a device file(‘/dev/pmem/'), from which physical memory can be read.

The binaries can be found here or from theRekall downloads page.

Usage¶

• You need root access for this to work so first open a root shell (‘sudo su').
• Now unpack the archive (‘tar xvf OSXPMem.tar.gz'). This creates a newdirectory ‘OSXPMem' containing the binary ‘osxpmem', as well as thekernel extension ‘pmem.kext'.
• Enter the directory you just created (‘cd OSXPMem').
• Run the imager by passing it a file-name for the memory image.(‘./osxpmem memory.dump' will create a file named ‘memory.dump').

The imager supports multiple output formats, at the moment these are Mach-O, ELFand zero-padded RAW. You can select which output format to use by passing the‘–format' option. For example to write a Mach-O image you would invoke‘./osxpmem –format mach memory.dump'. The default output format is ELF.

For more information on different command line switches run ‘./osxpmem –help'.

Common Pitfalls¶

• Mac OS X only allows kernel extension to load if they are owned by the user‘root' and the group ‘wheel'. The distribution package has this already set upfor you. However, if you accidentally extract the archive as a normal user(eg. omit ‘sudo su' before unpacking the tarball), permissions might becomecorrupted and the loading of the driver will fail. In this case you cancorrect the problem by running ‘sudo chown -R root:wheel ./pmem.kext' fromwithin the ‘OSXPMem' directory.
• If you try to run the imager from NFS or another networked file-system,permissions might also become corrupted. If the imager reports a failure toload the pmem driver, check the drivers permissions. If it is not owned byuser ‘root' and group ‘wheel' and step 1 can't correct this, try copying itsomewhere else and correct permissions there.

Compatibility¶

Due to the nature of physical memory access many things are very platformdependent. The tool is designed to work on 64 bit Intel Macs. It can probably becompiled to work in 32 bit mode, the binary distribution however only contains64 bit binaries.

Several low-level api's have changed in recent OS X versions. We have tested theimager and driver on OS X 10.7 and 10.8, on which they work flawlessly. Itshould also work on 10.6, but might encounter problems unloading the driver, asthe unloading api in IOKit is new in 10.7.

We have also successfully tested the tool in a VMWare Fusion OS X 10.7 machine,so it should work in virtualized environments.

Writes a raw image to physmem.raw

Writes a crashdump file to netcat for network transport. Output is supressedhere because STDOUT is redirected.

Download Viz Media Pte Driver Download

Normally the driver will be automatically unloaded after the image isacquired. To allow Rekall to attach to the raw device for live analysis, we needto load the driver and exit:

NOTE: Rekall does not usually need a profile when running on a windows imagesince it is autodetected.

To unload the driver and exit:

To acquire a raw image using the MmMapIoSpace method:

To acquire an image in crashdump format:

Experimental write support¶

Download Viz Media Pte Driverpack

As from Version 1.1, the winpmem drivers support writing to memory as well asreading. This capability is a great learning tool since many rootkit hidingtechniques can be emulated by writing to memory directly. For example thefollowing Rekall session illustrates changing the name of the binary:

Since this is a rather dangerous capability, the signed binary drivers havewrite support disabled. The unsigned binaries (really self signed with a testcertificate) can not load on a regular system due to them being test selfsigned. You can allow the unsigned drivers to be loaded on a test system byissuing (seehttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/ff553484(v=vs.85).aspx):

and reboot. You will see a small 'Test Mode' text on the desktop to remind youthat this machine is configured for test signed drivers.

Alternatively you can test this on XP or Vista32 which have no driver signingrestrictions.

Once the correct driver is loaded, Write support must also be enabled at loadtime using the -w switch:

This will load the drivers and turn on write support. Then we can run rekallinteractively, as usual on the raw device:

The OSX Memory Imager was written by Johannes Stuettgen(johannes.stuettgen@gmail.com) as an open source tool to acquire physical memoryon an Intel based Mac. It consists of 2 components:

Download Viz Media Pte Driver Windows 7

• The usermode acquisition tool ‘osxpmem', which parses the accessible sectionsof physical memory and writes them to disk in a specific format.
• A generic kernel extension ‘pmem.kext', that provides read only access tophysical memory. After loading it into the kernel it provides a device file(‘/dev/pmem/'), from which physical memory can be read.

The binaries can be found here or from theRekall downloads page.

Usage¶

• You need root access for this to work so first open a root shell (‘sudo su').
• Now unpack the archive (‘tar xvf OSXPMem.tar.gz'). This creates a newdirectory ‘OSXPMem' containing the binary ‘osxpmem', as well as thekernel extension ‘pmem.kext'.
• Enter the directory you just created (‘cd OSXPMem').
• Run the imager by passing it a file-name for the memory image.(‘./osxpmem memory.dump' will create a file named ‘memory.dump').

The imager supports multiple output formats, at the moment these are Mach-O, ELFand zero-padded RAW. You can select which output format to use by passing the‘–format' option. For example to write a Mach-O image you would invoke‘./osxpmem –format mach memory.dump'. The default output format is ELF.

For more information on different command line switches run ‘./osxpmem –help'.

Common Pitfalls¶

• Mac OS X only allows kernel extension to load if they are owned by the user‘root' and the group ‘wheel'. The distribution package has this already set upfor you. However, if you accidentally extract the archive as a normal user(eg. omit ‘sudo su' before unpacking the tarball), permissions might becomecorrupted and the loading of the driver will fail. In this case you cancorrect the problem by running ‘sudo chown -R root:wheel ./pmem.kext' fromwithin the ‘OSXPMem' directory.
• If you try to run the imager from NFS or another networked file-system,permissions might also become corrupted. If the imager reports a failure toload the pmem driver, check the drivers permissions. If it is not owned byuser ‘root' and group ‘wheel' and step 1 can't correct this, try copying itsomewhere else and correct permissions there.

Compatibility¶

Due to the nature of physical memory access many things are very platformdependent. The tool is designed to work on 64 bit Intel Macs. It can probably becompiled to work in 32 bit mode, the binary distribution however only contains64 bit binaries.

Several low-level api's have changed in recent OS X versions. We have tested theimager and driver on OS X 10.7 and 10.8, on which they work flawlessly. Itshould also work on 10.6, but might encounter problems unloading the driver, asthe unloading api in IOKit is new in 10.7.

We have also successfully tested the tool in a VMWare Fusion OS X 10.7 machine,so it should work in virtualized environments.